Economic significance Essay

Another key turning point that changed the course of football forever, occurred on the 11th may 1985, when Bradford city should have ended the season on a high. For once after a long line of defeats and triumphs they had made it to the third division. However, the day ended on one of the worst footballing disasters in the world. Just before half-time, someone noticed smoke coming up through the wooden floor of the main stand, which had served the City fans for 77 years. The alarm was raised, but nobody had realised that a pile of rubbish had ignited below the seating and within 5 minutes, the whole stand was ablaze. Tremendous feats of heroism from fans and staff alike were witnessed by the television cameras that were at Valley Parade, as attempts were made to rescue people from the stand with the roof alight and raining burning material from above. In total, 56 people lost their lives that sad day and 200 suffered burns. Following a report into the fire, safety was tightened up at grounds across the country to ensure that a disaster like this would never happen again. The report by Lord Justice Popplewell stated that old wooden stands like the one at Valley Parade were clearly a fire hazard and recommendations for the safety of football grounds were made.  All clubs with wooden stands were forced to provide exits in case of fire. In the early weeks of the following season exits had been made from the seats to the old style paddocks. Similar measures were taken at Reading’s old Elm Park ground. Nowadays stands are made of non-combustible materials like concrete and steel. In more recent times, the security that follows large scale events such as the world cup has seen many new security features, to irradiate football hooliganism and terrorist threats. Since the atrocities of September 11th 2001, security has never been higher. Now fans have to go through metal detectors and not carry any glass bottles etc. This is to ensure that no â€Å"weapons† are introduced into the stadium and therefore it remains a safe and secure environment for all concerned. Economic significance Football without a doubt is one of the worlds most important sports ever played. Participated by millions upon millions of people every year and watched by even more- football is the most widely known and participated sport. Through which a considerable economic activity is generated. The contribution to the economy through football can be measured in the following ways; Number of employed within the industry, participation during leisure time and money generated via football. Employment  The number of people employed in football cannot be totally measured due to its constantly changing scale of volunteers that offer their services for free as they enjoy the game so much.  However, data taken from the â€Å"FIFA big count† survey has enabled people to make rough estimation on about the number of people involved within the sport. In total it has been estimated that an outstanding 30 million people officiates and referees are employed to make the game as accessible and enjoyable as it is today. In total with the added 16 million professional players of both sexes that are employed within the industry of Football it is estimated that an outstanding approximately 45 million people worldwide generate economic income via football. Furthermore, as part of another piece of research conducted by the sports council, it estimates that around 220 million a year would be generated if volunteers revived an average wage of 8.31 an hour for the kind of work that they conduct; making it the second most valuable sport behind the leader’s bowls.  In addition to the direct employment of football organisers etc, subsequent employment is generated from large scale events such as Euro 2000 which alone created approximately 4000 full time jobs per year, through the various occupations that are needed to host such large scale events. For example, hotel workers that are needed to accommodate the large number of fans. Participation  People from all backgrounds; rich/poor, black/white actively participate in football through various forms. Some participate in the game via a quick game in the park, where as some participate in a local team or organisation. Either way they all help to contribute to the economy. The majority of football is played on a casual basis according to the recent surveys conducted into the level of which football is played. In basic terms this means that football is the sixth most participated game in the world with the nearest rival cricket. In terms of numbers, there are currently 220 million men and 20 million women which actively participate in the game of football. In terms of how much that represents the population percentage, it represents that around 4%. Or in other words one adult in twenty five plays football on a casual basis with no qualification nor membership to a team. In addition to the number of people which participate on a casual basis there is also an additional 12.5 million people that play for the 1.5 million teams of the 300,000 clubs worldwide. This not including the additional 15.5 million male juniors and 2 million women juniors which also play as part of a team set-up to the grand total. Thus it can be concluded that an approximately 3o million people play football in an organised manner. Either in a team or club. While it can only be looked at in terms of population percentage as half percent, on another hand it can be looked as the entire population of Canada. The final participation category is youth football, which without a doubt is where most of footballs participants lye. In the world there are approximately 120 million children/youth players which play in a casual and organised environment. Of which 15 million boys and 2.2 million girls play the beautiful game. This is an ever increasing number that sets to get larger as the population gets ever bigger. The effects of which are set to generate a greater income to the economies of the world as they get older and have greater amounts of disposable incomes that they can spend on football.

Alliteracy Definition Essay

Alliteracy is defined by Merriam-Webster’s dictionary as the quality or state of being able to read but uninterested in doing so. I, myself, am an example of the definition Merriam-Webster gives. I am fully competent of picking up a book and reading it. When I have spare time available, I could easily walk over to the book shelf in my house, where my wife has many books ranging from romance to science fiction, pick one out and read it. However, it is not a something that draws my attention or seems of interest to do. I only read when it is required of me, such as work related text and school related text. On the contrary, Mortimer Adler was a man who loves books! In his 1940 essay, â€Å"How to Mark a Book,† Adler defines how reading is more than just reading. It is the act of active reading- a skill- that requires using certain strategies in order to remember and understand what you read by highlighting, underlining, and make annotations in the book to help you remembe r and understand what you’ve read. Adler states, â€Å"Marking up a book is not an act of mutilation but of love.† (Adler, 1940) Adler’s form of reading requires putting forth effort that people who are alliterate may not see as relevant for reasons such as technological advances and an expensive hobby during a time of recession. One technological advance that has replaced books is through the invention of the television, which was a modern day marvel of its time and still continues to be. The invention of the television brought news and entertainment to the general population easier and faster than any book or newspaper ever could. People started relying on television more and more and reduced or eliminated reading from their daily activities. Between 1955 and 1975, when television were predominately introduced, a study showed that the average amount of time a person spent reading fell from 5 hours a day to 3.6 hours a day. However, as time went on and a larger variety of shows became available and tele vision hours extended those figures changed significantly. The same study shows that by 1995, the average person spent 9 percent of the spare time reading in comparison to 21 percent in 1955. Adler states, â€Å"They forget that it is possible for a man to acquire the idea, to process beauty, which a great book contains.† (Adler, 1940) However, does it truly mean that because people don’t read, they cannot acquire ideas or process the beauty behind ideas and creativity? I disagree. Television has been a wonderful source for information as we learn tons of information about places and people that we seldom learn about in written literature. We can easily learn about new cultures, different places, and how to do things without turning through page after page of words. Television, furthermore, helps improve memory as we are able to recall what we see easier than by what we’ve read. Another factor that has helped to cause alliteracy is money. People just don’t have the funds to purchase the high prices that are placed on books especially during these recessive times. Buying books is an expensive hobby and outside of the reach of the average person who is struggling just to pay their bills. According the National Endowment for the Arts, reading participation increases quite progressively for each increase in family income. Based on the survey, which was taken in 2002, approximately one-third of family with an income under $10,000 read literature during the survey year. This was in comparison to 61 percent of family with incomes of $75,000 or more. Based on these surveys, it is proven that lower family incomes are linked with alliteracy rates. In Adler’s How to Mark a Book, Adler makes the statement, â€Å"†¦buy yourself a cheap edition and pay your respects to the author,† (Adler, 1940) for the sole purpose to â€Å"Mark† the book up. Adler throws this idea out freely as if everyone is able to afford the cost of books. However, Adler was American professor, philosopher, and educational theorist who was more than likely in the 61 percentile that the National Endowment for the Arts surveyed. It is not feasible to assume that everyone can afford the price of books and may face allitaracy for that reason. Adler’s form of reading requires putting forth effort that people who are alliterate may not see as relevant for reasons such as technological advances and an expensive hobby during a time of recession. If the purpose of Adler’s reasoning in marking a book is to share an intimate relationship with the author, then maybe technological advances will one day bring that to the masses in a more affordable way.

Kodak and Fujifilm Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Kodak and Fujifilm - Research Paper Example The company was able to command 90% of the market by the year 1976. The 90% market command was because of sale of films and the sales of cameras were able to command 85% of the market share in the USA (Burley, 2007). History of Fujifilm Fujifilm is a Japanese multinational company that is based in Tokyo, Japan. The company deals with activities like production, development, servicing, and sales of colored photographic films, photofinishing equipments, digital cameras, color paper, photofinishing chemicals, graphic arts equipments, medical imaging equipments, optical devices, printers, photocopiers, and panel display. The company was established in the year 1934. The aim of the company was to be the very first Japanese manufacturer of photographic film. Within a period of 10 years, the company was able to produce motion-picture films, photographic films, and x-ray films. The company was able to enter into optical glass business in the year 1940s. Other products produced were lenses an d equipments in the market. Diversification of the company’s products was done after the Second World War. The company was able to produce medical products, printing, magnetic materials fields, and electronic imaging. Both Fuji Photo and Rank Xerox that are UK Company launched Fuji Xerox Co. Ltd. Fuji Company was able to intensify its businesses overseas in the 1950s. This company was able to enjoy a monopoly in Japan market (Burley, 2007). Core businesses Both Fujifilm and Kodak have focused on imaging and photography as the core business. Kodak had started earlier than Fujifilm. Fujifilm Company gave a lot of emphasis to market changes and through that, it was able to maintain a reckoning up date. On the contrary, its counterpart Kodak is in bankruptcy protection. Management of Kodak Company The management of the company failed to move fast into the digital world. The company was able to face technological discontinuities. This is because the company failed to combat the ne w changes. The company was reported to be full of complacency. The top officials of the company failed to employ quick strategies to combat the changes in technology. The company can be said to have been built on a culture of innovations and change. The success earned by the company in the early years of the 1970s made its leaders to block their ears from the cry of the customers about the looming failure that was ahead of the company. The poor management finally led to the collapse of the company. Unlike Fuji Film Company that decided to embrace technology, Kodak Company failed to embrace technology. They were not able to go digital at the time when Fuji Film was going digital (Don, 2011). Management of Fujifilm The company was able to build strong and robust corporate constitution. This was possible through implementation of structural reforms that were able to encompass every facet of its operations. The company was able to expand its business in the global markets such as emergi ng countries. A lot of business deteriorated in Europe due to flooding in Thailand. This greatly affected this company and as a result, the company was able to lose a lot of earnings and revenues from Europe. After this downturn, the company was able to employ new medium term management. The new medium term management was covered in the VISION80 plan of the company. The plan was to cover two years. The two years were 2013 and 2014. Unlike a Kodak company, the company was

Economy situation in Poland before and after EU funding Dissertation

Economy situation in Poland before and after EU funding - Dissertation Example It is from these debates that Poland has reinvented itself, thus attaining the title of a modern European state that possesses a liberal political system that is democratic and sustainable market Economy (Cox and Myant 1). According to Bache, Poland has a record of the largest entrant to the European Union in the year 2004. In 1989 after the era of communist had ended, Poland undertook a territorial restructuring period. The membership position held by Poland in the European Union has helped the Poles to restructure as well as uphold their economy (Bache 73). One of the greatest success story attributed to the post-communist transformation in Poland is the high rate at which the small as well as the private companies are emerging over the last 20 years. 69% of employment as well as 60% of turnover are among the benefits of the small and medium sized enterprise to the Polish economy. The entry and the exit levels of enterprises, whose large percentage is the small ones, are higher in Poland than the average EU (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 11). Literature Review Poland’s economy before the EU funding Europa publications Limited indicate that before its incorporation into the European Union, Poland had at the time had a population of about 40 million people. In addition to this, Poland was relatively poor especially in terms of aggregate, as their income per head was a third of the EU’s average. Poland provided incentives to non European members e.g. the special tax concession provided to Korean car manufacturers (Europa publications Limited 3). The Polish government had established an agency prior to joining the EU in the year 2000. The aim of this agency, which was known as the Polish Agency for Enterprise Development (PARP), was to offer active support to entrepreneurs in Poland thus improving the country’s economy. The main function of the PARP was to manage the funds of entrepreneurship that were granted by the state. This agency upon incorporation to the European Union also mandated was with the task of managing funds granted by the EU for entrepreneurship (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 131). In the year 1997, Poland had already experienced continuous economic growth that lasted for five years. This was attributed to the reduction of industrial output during the transition period. Crucial steps had been undertaken to ensure that inflationary pressures experienced in 1990s were eliminated. In addition to this efforts had been made in redirecting Poland’s exports away from old communist bloc and towards the EU markets (Europa publications Limited 62). In the late 1970s, Poland had suffered an economic crisis. Its external finances indicated vast deficits of payment as its domestic economy fell in disarray. Poland had to find a way of arresting the situation before it could get out of hand as the interests were accumulating. The Authorities then decided on the modernization and investment strategy as the way forward (Marer et al 3). Dramatic changes in Poland have always caught the attention of the world. In 1989 the government in power transformed the existing centrally planned economy into a free market. In 1990 the price controls in majority of the products were scraped off. These were some of the

Organizational Forms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Organizational Forms - Essay Example The major characteristics of sole proprietorship are as follows: Liability: Liability is the biggest disadvantage in sole proprietorship organizational form. In sole proprietorships, if the business suffers huge amount of dues which cannot be recovered from revenue, the owner will be personally liable for paying the entire amount. On the flip side, if proprietor possesses unpaid dues, the creditors can even realize those from the business assets (McGuire, Woods & McLean, n.d.). Income tax: Sole proprietorship business is a taxable unit. In this business form, there is little opportunity for tax planning, as the owner is completely liable to pay all the taxes derived through income (McGuire, Woods & McLean, n.d.). Longevity or continuity of the organization: The longevity of sole proprietorship business depends largely on the existence of its owner (Beatty, Samuelson & Bredeson, 2012). Control: In sole proprietorship, the business owner has the entire control over the resources and bu siness decisions which is a significant advantage of sole proprietorship (AllBusiness, 2007). Profit retention: The other advantage of sole proprietorship business is that it allows the business owner to enjoy complete profit retention (McGuire, Woods & McLean, n.d.). ... p business is quite easy to set-up with minimum capital; however, it significantly depends on the financial ability of the proprietor (McGuire, Woods & McLean, n.d.). General Partnership General partnership is the second type of organizational form which denotes business relationship between individuals forming independent organization through mutual contracts. Liability: Liability is an advantage in general partnership because each business associates are mutually and individually responsible for every facet of the business including profit/loss or major decisions (McGuire, Woods & McLean, n.d.). Income taxes: Similar to sole proprietorship, general partnership organizational form has a single level of taxation. This type of business does not fall under the taxable unit, rather it is considered as a tax reporting unit (McGuire, Woods & McLean, n.d.). Longevity or continuity of the organization: Longevity is a significant disadvantage of general partnership. There is supposed to be s pecific time duration for the term of general partnership. The longevity of general partnership depends on the contract. Whenever a partner is discharged from the contract, the other existing partners can take over the vacant place or they can even decide to wind-up the complete business (McGuire, Woods & McLean, n.d.). Control: Each business associates possess equal level of control on business decisions (McGuire, Woods & McLean, n.d.). Profit retention: Business associates share the gross profits in between themselves and are taxed independently (McGuire, Woods & McLean, n.d.). Location: The taxation in general partnership relies on the principal regulations location where revenue has been generated (Beatty, Samuelson & Bredeson, 2012). Convenience or burden: A common burden in general

The failure of the implementation of Queensland health's payroll Assignment

The failure of the implementation of Queensland health's payroll system - Assignment Example Queensland Health used a centralized payroll system whereby the districts that the system covers are linked to a local payroll service provider. In this system, the payroll officers solely handle all the pay information without involving district staff (QHPSCI, 2013). This makes the whole operating system vague. Healthcare organizations face several challenges that are unique to the healthcare sector. This paper uses the Queensland Health payroll system failure case to discuss significant government roles in the process of delivering successful project outcomes. We also analyze the pros and cons of two organizational structures (centralized and decentralized), with reference to the healthcare sector, successful business management and continuity. Additionally, an outline of the challenges in healthcare management practice as a result of the complex nature of healthcare organizations compared to other sectors is provided, with reference to the Queensland Health payroll system failure case. Finally, we discuss the short-term and long-term impact of IT implementation failure. The failure of payroll system at Queensland Health brought both short term and long term effect to the government. The government has incurred severe losses in the processes of repairing the errors created by the defective system. Moreover, the workers of Queensland Health were greatly affected by inaccurate pay outcomes during the two years when the system was under implementation (QHPSCI, 2013). Queensland Health is currently in the process of re-implementing the system, and anticipates that the long term consequences of failure in the payroll system will be reversed eventually (QHPSCI, 2013). Importance of Governance Governance refers to the roles and responsibilities of an organization’s executive management and board of directors. It is an important area of enterprise management and comprises the leadership and organizational structures and processes that guarantee that the organi zation maintains and extends its goals and strategies. Governance determines how an organization manages demand and delivers value while protecting against risk. Due to the large number of individuals, processes, and technologies involved in the operation of IT and the broad nature of governance, managers may find it challenging to identify the areas that require more focus and effort in order to achieve the utmost impact. Organizations without efficient governance experience greater risk exposure, low performance, and arbitrary, political or inappropriate allocation of resources. Effective governance of a system reduces the risk of failure and ensures superior project outcomes. Governance also eliminates conflicts among individuals in an organization by specifying their roles, legal obligations and responsibilities. It ensures the successful implementation of projects by enforcing responsibility, justice, legality, direction and transparency. Organizations that pursue an enhanced a pproach to governance exhibit better performance. This improvement results from both the governance and how the public perceives this governance (VandenBerghe & Ridder, 1999). Moreover, governance protects the reputation of an organization and ensures that it meets the demands of clients, regulatory bodies, legislators, employees and other crucial stakeholders. Governance drives value and manages

Personal Development as a First Line Manager Essay

Personal Development as a First Line Manager - Essay Example The manner with which front-line managers carry out their tasks such as employee selection, appraisal, and development, communication, and involvement, to name a few, has been significantly associated with a wide range of leadership behaviors that generally intend to influence the attitudes and behaviors of workers as well as to provide them with direction (Longenecker and Neubert 2003). Employees tend to be influenced by HR practices that are evident in the workplace as well as the leadership behaviors of their managers, and they can either respond to this in a positive or negative manner. Thus, there is a crucial need for future front-line managers to obtain the necessary and adequate knowledge, skills, and experience to successfully assume their roles and help contribute to favorable organizational outcomes. The SMART objectives stated in this paper will be outlined in the final portion. Leadership Styles When developing leadership skills, it is of great importance to recognize an d understand leadership styles. For instance, the transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire approaches to leadership have been commonly identified as leadership styles that each has its own outcomes (Leong and Fischer 2011). For instance, the laissez-faire approach is characterized by a â€Å"hands-off† view with which the leader allows his followers to make decisions and accomplish tasks on their own; although this style may be applied among individuals who are highly capable and motivated, the laissez faire approach brings about the lowest productivity among most workplaces. There is little guidance provided by the leader and the members are left to manage activities and solve problems on their own. The transactional leadership style, meanwhile, is highly based on the mutual exchange between leader and followers. Members consequently are motivated by punishment and reward, whose purpose is to follow what the leader tells them to. Finally, the transformational appro ach to leadership has been shown to be the most effective style with which members are empowered by the leader, increasing their motivation to work and allowing them to participate in decision making. The needs of the subordinates are addressed by the leader while challenging and creative tasks are provided to increase their enthusiasm and commitment to achieve goals. When the most appropriate leadership style is chosen in a given workplace, a number of favorable outcomes can be obtained, including increased motivation, productivity, and performance. Risk Management In relation to leadership, risk management is a process which is characterized by effective identification of and solution to workplace problems. For instance, with regards to risk management in workplace health and safety, it is essential that a number of steps are followed. First is to identify the problem or hazard followed by the assessment of risks, thereby determining how critical the problem is. Finally, decisions should be made with regards to how the problem will be solved; such process is referred to as the risk elimination or control. Risk management should be

Millennials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Millennials - Essay Example ew up making decisions with others and using tools that provide instant gratification for support and other needs and desires, Millenials are different from other generations in how they form and develop their workplace and close relationships because constant technology usage and communication has affected how they think and express what they think about. Millenials grow up always connected through technology because parents are working harder than ever, therefore conditioning their kids to get used to helicopter parenting from childhood to adolescence through technology. Their parents already gave them their cellphones at a young age. Some Millennial kids had their first cellphones at age 8 (Tyler para.8), while others, much earlier. Parents do this generally because they want to ensure continuous communication. After all, many households nowadays have parents working full-time. Even mothers who stay at home work through having their businesses or Internet-based jobs or are busy with community affairs. One of the ways they can ensure that their children are safe and that they can influence their decisions is through helicopter parenting (Tyler para.5). Jeanne Achille, CEO of Shrewsbury, a public relations firm, notes that she receives constant information streaming from her daughters, telling her what they are doing and even what th ey plan to do (Tyler para.1). She admits that she would never have given her own parents this level and frequency of information before (Tyler para.3), which underscores that, as a parent, she is one of the drivers of her children’s frequent usage of and dependence on technology for communication and relationship-building purposes. Families are significant motivators for using technology with such pervasiveness among Millenials. Parents also affect school and workplace practices, as they extend their helicopter parenting to their children’s schools and careers. Kathryn Tyler reports about parents who meddle in academic courses,

Learning English Essay Example for Free

Learning English Essay As an international student, learning English was a big challenge. For one thing, I grew up speaking my native language most of the time, and I only speak English when just necessary, such as talking to American or English strangers. This is why I found it hard to learn English, and there is still room for many improvements. At first I thought that once I studied English, I would learn quickly. But I found out it was hard because my tongue got used to speaking my native language. The hardest part was mastering the subject-verb agreement. Every time I speak, I struggle with evaluating whether the subject and the verb match. Sometimes I use verb with s when I refer to plural subjects. I also had difficulty understanding sentences that have very long subjects. For instance, A mountain range that sits between two larger mountains overlooking the valley is/are very beautiful. When my friend or anyone I talk to use this kind of sentence, I easily get lost from what he means to say. Thus, sometimes I misinterpret what he says. I guess the learning process took longer for me. But I am thankful that my experiences were training ground for the changes that took place. Also, the formalized learning from the classroom helped me a lot to learn another language (Smith). Little by little, I learned the right pronunciations of words. My teacher and my classmates and friends correct me when I wrongly pronounce a word or my sentence is grammatically incorrect. Reading has also helped greatly. I tried to understand what I read, and apply what I learned. I have also read short stories and I studied the way sentences are constructed. Learning from reading is advantageous. Aside from learning grammar, spelling, and understanding meaning from the books I read, reading has also opened my eyes to the many things that remained undiscovered to me. I can say that until the present time, I’m still learning. It has helped me greatly in dealing with day to day issues in the United States. Work Cited Smith, Mark K. 2003. â€Å"Learning Theory. † 26 February 2009 http://www. infed. org/biblio/b-learn. htm.

A Friend. Essay Essay Example for Free

A Friend. Essay Essay The word â€Å"friend† seems to be used today to refer to anyone from long-term to short-term relationship; however a true friend is someone who will always be there in times of need, who will always be the best company, and who will always listen and give advice. Without any questions asked, a good friend will always be there in times of need. No matter how bad a problem is, a true friend will be the person who sits up nights and take days off work just to sit with a friend. If someone is in trouble with a difficult paper a friend will help brainstorm to figure out the problem. If someone is sick, a friend will be the first one at the door with chicken soup and will baby-sit the kids until the sick person feel better. I hate the feeling of being sick. If someone is stranded across town with a broken-down car, a friend will drop everything to make a rescue and drive the person wherever he or she needs to go. Not everyone has a friend like this a true friend will always be the first one there, no matter what. A friend is someone who is always great company, because friends have so much in common with each other. Imagine working out together, grabbing a sandwich, and then spending the evening just talkingabout life, about good times, about bad times, about classes at school. Friends sometimes love spending more time with each other than their own family, because is a strong bond that no one still yet understands. The company of a friend in a time of need is one of the best feelings to have and for this reason a great friend will always be with you, for better or worst. Most of all, a true friend is also someone who will listen and give reliable advice. Some people will listen to problems and then give the advice that they think will work best for them, but that advice isn’t necessarily best for their friend. Other people will listen but then interject personal stories that relate to the problem button’s solve it. But a true friend listens to a problem and gives suggestions to help a friend figure out the best solution for himself or herself, In other words, a true friend knows how to listen and help a person solve problems. Right now my classes are really hard. At the end of the day, friends might rent their favorite DVD and make some fresh popcorn. Sometimes they even seem to be on the same biological clock, getting tired and waking up at the same time. Friends can always be themselves around each other. The word â€Å"friend† may be misused in the English language, but at least we can agree on what true friends are. True friends are hard to find. But once you find them, they will always be there, listen to you and be the best people to spend time with. No wonder true friends are so rare! Outline I. Introductory Paragraph A. Thesis Statement 1. The word Friend use today to name anyone 2. True Friend always there when in need and for company 3. Good friend always listens and gives advice II. A good friend will be there in time of need. (1st paragraph) III. A true friend is always good company. (2nd paragraph) IV. A friend will listen and give advice.

Effects of Red Bull on Young Adults

Effects of Red Bull on Young Adults Research Proposal Aims The aim of this study is to investigate the acute effects of drinking a can of Red Bull, which includes taurine and caffeine, on heart rate and blood pressure in healthy young adults. It is hoped that this study will lead to the mandatory regulation of the amount of caffeine contained in all energy drinks and the mandatory inclusion of a warning label on every can to hopefully eliminate adverse effects due to the overconsumption of energy drinks. Introduction Energy drinks such as Red Bull ®, V ®, Rockstar ® and Mother ® are caffeinated beverages promoted for improving physical performance, concentration, endurance and also being beneficial in increasing stamina. Young adults, especially students and athletes, are the target of advertising campaigns by companies that manufacture these beverages. Energy drinks account for approximately 20 per cent of beverages sold in Australian convenience stores. The Food Regulation Standing Committee found that energy drinks sales in Australia and New Zealand have increased from 34.5 million litres in 2001 to 155.6 million litres in 2010. Energy drinks contain varying quantities of caffeine (80–500 mg), taurine (1000–2000 mg), guarana, amino acids, sugar and vitamins. Caffeine is the most commonly consumed stimulant drug worldwide, with approximately 90% of adults regularly consuming it, but unlike many other stimulant drugs, it is legal and unregulated worldwide. At the cellular level, caffeine increases intracellular calcium and releases noradrenaline and intensifies dopamine receptors with stimulation of the cardiovascular system as well as the brains respiratory and vasomotor centers. In healthy adults, a caffeine intake of ≠¤400 mg/day is considered safe and not likely to result in any adverse effects. Additional amounts of caffeine are often found in energy drinks through additives, including guarana, cocoa, yerba mate, and kola nut. Guarana is a plant that contains caffeine. 40 to 80 mg of caffeine can be contained in each gram of guarana and it may also have a longer half-life due to interac tions with other plant compounds. However, these ingredients are not required to be listed under the caffeine content by manufacturers thus the actual caffeine dose in a single serving may exceed that listed on the can. Taurine is one of the most abundant amino acids in the human body. It is also naturally present in our diet as it is contained in meat and seafood. Taurine is also synthesized in the liver from the amino acid cysteine, as well as from other sulphur compounds. It is present in relatively high amounts in skeletal and cardiac muscle and it is involved in the formation of bile salt, neuronal excitability, cell membrane stability and the modulation of calcium flow. There is no evidence of adverse effects in humans in short term studies with large daily doses (6000 mg per day for 42 days) of Taurine. Both caffeine and taurine have been shown to have direct effects on cardiac function and hemodynamic status. A pilot study on healthy volunteers in the United States found that one can of Red Bull containing 80 mg of caffeine increased BP compared to 80 mg of caffeine alone. Another study investigated the effects of energy drink consumption on hemodynamic and electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters in healthy young adults and reported a significantly increased heart rate and blood pressure within 4 hours (Steinke and Lanfear). In another study, the influence of a multi constituent energy drink and its individual ingredients on the heart was compared and found that stroke volume and diastolic intake velocity were significantly increased in the red bull group compared to a similar drink that contained caffeine but not taurine. A poisons information line in NSW reported almost 300 cases of toxicity due to energy drink consumption, with the average age being 17 years old and the average number of drinks consumed in one session being 5. The most common physical effects reported included peripheral vasodilation, palpitations, agitation, tremor, insomnia and gastrointestinal upset. 128 people were hospitalized and 21 people had symptoms of serious neurological or cardiac toxicity. Most worrying is the growing trend of young people combining these energy drinks with alcohol. Research from the United States has shown that individuals who combine alcohol and caffeinated energy drinks consume more alcohol more often compared to individuals who don’t consume alcohol and caffeinated energy drinks. It has also shown that that there is a significantly higher prevalence of alcohol related consequences, including alcohol poisoning, impaired driving, physical injury, and sexual victimisation. Energy drinks have previously been classified and marketed as dietary supplements, which have minimal regulation. Canada has recently changed their classification to foods which have tighter regulations. It is time that energy drinks are subjected to greater regulation worldwide, this includes regulating the amount of caffeine in a single serving. Only a few energy drinks have a fine-print warning label, which state that they may not be safe for children, caffeine sensitive individuals, or for pregnant or nursing women however this is not mandatory it is up to the company to add this. It should be noted that, although energy drinks have been sold worldwide for more than a decade, only a few published studies have examined their effects on health and well-being. However, studies have not been conducted on an isolated island population with a defined population such as this. Research Plan/ Methods Participants The participants for this study are healthy young adult Islanders from a virtual environment called The Island. The Island provides a unique sample population. 30 Islanders either gender, aged 18–30 years will be selected at random using a random number generator and asked if they would like to participate in the study. A minimum and a maximum will be entered into the random number generator for the number of towns on the island, the number of houses in the town were and also for the number of residents in the house if more than one resident aged 18-35 years old lives in that particular house. The study will be unblinded. Each resident will be assigned a number from 1-30 with numbers 1-10 receiving the placebo, which contained no caffeine or other stimulant, and thus the control group, numbers 10-20 receiving the 1 Red Bull (80 mg of caffeine) and numbers 20-30 receiving 5 Red Bulls (400 mg of caffeine). Subjects have to meet a set of inclusion criteria obtained by a medical h istory/ task history examination blood pressure < 120/80 mmHg, non-smoking, absence of systemic diseases (including hypertension, diabetes, or vascular disease), evidence of abstinence from caffeine or caffeine beverages, and abstinence from use of any systemic drugs and/or alcohol. Subjects will be excluded if they have blood pressure outside the specified range, are smokers, if they have a systemic disease, if they have recently ingested caffeine, drugs or alcohol. Instruments Brachial artery systemic blood pressure will be assessed by automated sphygmomanometry and pulse rate will be measured using a heart rate monitor. Procedure Three solutions were administered: Placebo and Energy drinks with 80 mg and 400 mg of caffeine. As a control, 10 of the subjects were required to consume 250 mL of water. Of the two groups consuming the energy drinks one group will be required to drink 1 red bull which contains 80mg caffeine and 1000mg Taurine per 250ml and other group will be required to drink 5 Red Bulls which contains 400 mg caffeine and 5000mg Taurine per 1250ml. The reason we chose the two different doses of Red Bull are due to claims by Red Bull that 1 can of Red Bull contains the same amount of caffeine as a regular cup of coffee, which is 80mg. An extensive review of the scientific literature on caffeine was conducted by Health Canada. They concluded from the review that if the general population of healthy adults limit their consumption of caffeine to 400 mg per day they will not be at risk of any potential adverse effects thus we decided to use a maximum dose of 5 Red Bulls even though there is a warning to not have more than two 250ml cans per day. Measurements of BP and pulse rate were performed before (resting baseline) and after (30, 60, 90 min) ingestion of each of these solutions. Statistical Analysis The results for all subjects for each group, at each time point, will be combined and presented as the means  ±standard deviation, to allow for statistical comparison. A one way analysis of Variance (ANOVA) will be used to see if there is any difference between all the measured variables. Statistical analysis of the data was performed with SPSS 16.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). P-values less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Significance It is expected that both doses of red bull will increase heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure when compared to the control group however a larger response is expected in the group who consumed 5 cans of red bull. . It is hoped that this study will lead to the mandatory regulation of the amount of caffeine contained in all energy drinks and the mandatory inclusion of a warning label on every can to hopefully eliminate adverse effects due to the overconsumption of energy drinks. References Franks AM, Schmidt JM, McCain KR, et al. Comparison of the effects of energy drink versus caffeine supplementation on indices of 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure. Ann Pharmacother 2012; 46:192-199. Gunja N and Brown JA. Energy drinks: Health risks and toxicity. Med J Aust 2012; 196:46-49. Koczwara K. Moms talk: Are energy drinks safe for teens? Fountain Valley Patch, April 26, 2012. Knowler W. Energy drinks must now carry warnings. Independent Online, May 3, 2012. Szotowska M, Bartmanska M, Wyskida K, et al. Influence of energy drinks on the blood pressure and the pulse rate in healthy young adults. J Hypertension 2012; 30: e369. Wolk BJ, Ganetsky M, Babu KM. Toxicity of energy drinks. Curr Opin Pediatr 2012; 24:243-251. FINER Feasible This study is feasible as it has an adequate number of subjects and as the sample size is small, the cost of the trial is reduced. This study also has adequate expertise in the field as all staff members have been instructed by experts in the field on how to use the instruments used to measure heart rate and blood pressure. A nurse will also be present during all experimental procedures to ensure the health and safety of all the subjects. James Baglin who is a statistician at RMIT will be assisting with the statistical analysis of the results. The scope of the study is manageable as the experimental procedure only goes for 90 minutes therefore subjects do not have to do repeat testing after this time. Islanders are also easy to contact and find on the Island. This study will be funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council thus lack of funding will not be an issue. Interesting The study will be hopefully be able to shine a light on the dangers of caffeine in energy drinks in a sample population which is of great benefit to researchers and experts alike and also to the community. Novel Only a few published studies have examined the effects of energy drinks on health and well-being. However, studies have not been conducted on an isolated island population with a defined population such as this. Ethical All of the studies participants are healthy young adults aged between 20-35 years who have consented to be in our study. No children, disabled, senior, mentally or physically ill Islanders have been included in the study. There also aren’t any vulnerable islanders or islanders in dependant relationships in this study. This study is categorised as risk 2 –non invasive project as the subjects will be receiving either red bull or placebo and heart rate and blood pressure will be measured over a period of 90 mins. Participants are also not payed in this study. Relevant It is hoped that this study will lead to the mandatory regulation of the amount of caffeine contained in all energy drinks and the mandatory inclusion of a warning label on every can to hopefully eliminate adverse effects due to the overconsumption of energy drinks.

Macbeth: Pre-determined Destiny Essay -- essays research papers

Macbeth Pre-determined Destiny? Macbeth was a victim of a vicious human flaw. Ambition. It can be great in small dosages, but when one takes what one believes to be ones destiny, as shown in Macbeth, it can be the downfall. Macbeth was a Noble man worthy of Respect, then the prophecies came, and then there was his wife. "Brave and Bold Macbeth (well he deserves that name)" the very words of the king that Macbeth so faithfully served. Never once thinking of murder. But then he receives the Prophecy "Hail Macbeth Thane of Glamis!" "Hail Macbeth Thane of Cawdor!" and "Hail Macbeth king hereafter!". This plants the seed of evil in Macbeth's mind. In fact, one of the first thoughts he has is of Murder. When he returns home, his wife he had already informed; she was sure, that he was "too full of the milk of human kindness" or too feminine to do what was necessary. She convinces him of murder, but Macbeth still is too kind, and tries to pull out, but she simply appeals to his warrior side, and convinces him of it. The three Weird sisters. Instigators, antagonists. Had it not been for them Macbeth may have lived his entire life never even being king. They appear to Macbeth and Banquo. Telling Macbeth, that he shall be king, and telling Banquo, that his heirs shall be kings, but not he. This leads to Macbeth killing Banquo, and trying to kill his son. The witches had not determined Macbeth's fate. But ...

Winston Churchill Essay -- essays research papers

Winston Churchill: Britain’s Man of the Century Never give in–never, never, never, never, in nothing great or small, large or petty, never give in except to convictions of honour and good sense. Never yield to force; never yield to the apparently overwhelming might of the enemy. Winston S. Churchill It was words such as these and the certitude in which he said them that played an important role in guiding Britain’s people through the trials and tribulations of the Second World War. Churchill was also an accomplished writer who composed several campaign reports and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1953 for his six volume history of World War II. But there is much more to this noble man other than his tongue and his pen. Sir Winston Spencer Churchill is a great mind because of the everlasting impression he left on Britain through his genuine leadership, his firm resolution, and his unrelenting defiance. It was divine intuition that put Winston Churchill in a position of leadership made evident by the amazing effect he had on his countrymen through the words that he spoke and through his idea of forming the "Grand Alliance". When his speeches were broadcasted over the radio during wartime, Britain stopped. Every citizen listened to each word he said with great attentiveness. Churchill’s Blood, Sweat and Tears speech is a fine example of his beautiful art of speaking as it filled the people of Britain with much needed hope and bountiful courage: You ask, what is our policy? I say it is to wage war by land, sea, and air. War with all our might and with all the strength God has given us, and to wage war against a monstrous tyranny never surpassed in the dark and lamentable catalogue of human crime. That is our policy. (Churchill) His manner of speaking was just as important as what he was saying, hence without his brilliant oratory, Churchill would not have been as successful in politics. As far back as 1930, Winston Churchill had the idea that the only way to stop Hitler was to form the "Grand Alliance" with France and the Soviet Union. He was certain that a unified and resolute front could cause Hitler to back down. It wasn’t until 1941 that his idea was put into action, but when in place, the "Grand All... ... Parliament rarely changed parties and Churchill was execrated for years by the Conservatives for his betrayal. Unaffected by his former party, Winston Churchill, as undersecretary of state for the Liberals, played a considerable part in making peace with the Boers. His decision to leave the Conservatives was largely criticized, but the ends justified the means in this case as it led to his political greatness. Winston Churchill lead his country with such grace through the uncertain times of war, he showed great resolve especially while Prime Minister during Britain’s darkest hour, and he also chose to defy strong opposing forces to maintain honesty within himself. On January 24, 1965, Sir Winston Churchill died of a massive stroke and was later buried in a little churchyard near Blenheim Place, his birthplace. Winston Churchill was a very kind and gentle man with a terrific sense of humour and it is safe to say that such an individual will never again come to pass. Although he lies in eternal rest today, his unmatched spirit lives on in the heart and soul of every British citizen of the past, present, and future.

Poduct Life Cycle

Note:- Company has stopped manufacturing this model. The Rajdoot Deluxe has a powerful 175 cc, 9 BHP engine with electronic ignition. This tough and highly durable motorcycle has making it a total economy bike by virtue of its low running costs, easy serviceability and high re-sale value. WiWith over 16 lakh bikes on the road, Rajdoot continues to be the favourite of the Indian masses. Its relevant technology for the Indian road condition makes it suitable for all types of terrain.The Rajdoot Deluxe with 4-gear transmission for excellent riding comes in exciting colours with chrome plated mudguard and is the favorite so far. | TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF RAJDOOT DELUXE| Engine| Type| 2 Stroke| Displacement| 173cc| Bore x stroke| 61. 5x58mm| Max. Power| 9/5000 rpm| Max. torque| 1. 37/3500 rpm | Starting | Kick start| Transmission| 4 speed, const. mesh| Clutch | Wet, multi disc| Chassis| Frame| Double cradle| Tyres – Front| 3. 00Ãâ€"19-4PR| Tyres – Rear| 3. 0x19-4PR| Sus pension – Front| Telescopic Hydraulic | Suspension – Rear| Hydraulic Coil Spring| Fuel tank capacity| 9. 2| Dry weight| 114. 0| Dimensions| LxWxH| 2095x760x1115| Ground clearence| 175| Wheelbase| 1280| Electricals| System| 12 AC| Ignition| Electronic CDI| Source: http://www. yamaha-motor-india. com/| Ads by GoogleProduct Lifecycle Control Software to manage the entire product lifecycle and data. www. softexpert. com/product-controlStart your own businessIn Computer Education industry Join hands with Aptech www. aptech-education. comPresenting Mahindra e2o The Next Gen Electric Car The Future Of Mobility Is Here www. mahindrae2o. com/know-more| Two Wheeler Showroom  » Motorcycles  » Scooters  » Scooterettes/Mopeds  » Sports Bikes Browse by Capacity Two Wheelers by Brands http://topforeignstocks. com/foreign-adrs-list/the-full-list-of-indianadrs/ http://www. indiainfoline. com/MarketStatistics/ADR http://www. equitymaster. com/stockquotes/adr. asp

Presenting information Essay

Present complex internal business information using 3 different methods appropriate to the users need. Easy Jets aims and objectives are to be Europe’s preferred short-haul airline, delivering market leading returns. Subject: Interim report From: Marketing manager The introduction of the Easy Jet app has boosted many aspects of the organisation as a whole. Overall, EasyJet have provided their customers with a very effective mobile app. Making a booking, checking on the flight status and reviewing existing bookings are very easy to do. Though checking in online and downloading a mobile boarding pass is not supported. These are things that a passenger on the move might well want to do.+ Last year, we made 17.4% profit before capital and corporate tax, the app being released early January. Meaning that in 2013, since the app launch, we’ve made a profit off  £647.4 million. Before the launch, last year, the changes in net profits was 6.1%, compared to this year’s profit. 6.1% is an explosive profit margin for an organisation with our scale, size and calibre & over such a short period of time. Analysts point that our profit margins have been rapidly expanding at such an explosive rate because of our application. Before the app, in 2010, our profit was only 121 million, which is not even half of what we’ve made in 2013. This is of course, not only enhancing our disposable income capacity but also reaching our annual financial aims and meeting our objectives. I and the department strongly recommend expanding our influence over the interweb to reach our customers through virtual means and mobiles.

Tragic Flaw

and The Flaw By Phanit Asavanamaung 10B Stories are told in many styles, through different medias; all which are to entertain or educate its audience. Christopher Booker, the author of the book ‘The Seven Basic Plots', introduces the idea of the seven basics categories of any story told. The seven basic archetypes are Over Coming the Monster, Rags to Riches, The Quest, Voyage and Return, Comedy, Rebirth and Tragedy. Tragedy as one of the seven archetypes, are found in any type of stories; from the most recent published novel to the almost forgotten ancient myths of the earth.Tragedy is mostly used to describe when there is a death in the story, but which the term ‘tragedy’ can also be used to describe when the character has fallen into a lower state. It is better defined when there is a downfall of the main character in the story. In all the stories which are categorized under tragedy, has one thing in common. It is that those characters have a tragic flaw; that in fluences the character to their downfall. The tragic flaw for each character is different. It is influenced by many factors, such as family and the environment they are exposed to.These influences lead to the death of the eternal love of Romeo and Juliet, or even the life of a school girl, Alaska; in Looking for Alaska. The tragic flaw of a character is influenced by many factors, leading to the character’s downfall. The tragic flaw could be observed when there is a decision to be made, and the wrong choice is taken. The decision took, is influenced by the characters experience and also the condition that they are in. The experience of the character is from their past, about their families and their environment. This could result a tragic flaw to the character by making a scar to the character mentally.If the character was poorly treated in their childhood, or have experienced a traumatic event; this could cause a flaw in the character. At times, when the condition of the cha racter is at its worst, the tragic flaw will influence the character’s decision, and which will eventually lead to the downfall of themselves. There are many type of tragic flaws and which a character may develop more than one flaw. By having more flaws, the character will be likely to be influenced by more events, which will make the character to become more vulnerable, in the tragic state.These flaws could be found since the early myth of Jason, on a quest to find the Golden Fleece, which it also ended up in tragedy. The flaws that are most common are from being treated badly as a child or from being blinded with love. Romeo and Juliet, the famous story of the two ‘star crossed lovers’ of the rivalry between the two families, ending up in tragedy. The reason behind the downfall of the couple is not from the conflict between their families, but it is actually their flaw. According to Chrisxbales papers, it describes the relationship of the two as, ‘are not in love, but in lust’.There are many flaws between the two characters, combination of immaturity and stubbornness. It could be observed that the two characters rushes into things, such as the first encounter of the two. Romeo says,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"If I profane with my unworthiest hand / This holy shrine, the gentle sin is this: / My lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready stand / To smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss. † (1. 5. 92-95) The statement shows proof of how at first encounter, Romeo decides to ask Juliet for a kiss, even without knowing each other. This is an evidence of immaturity.Also the two, decides to ignore the advice given from Friar Lawrence, and which they have ended up paying the ultimate price. They also ignore the most obvious of which their relationship is not going to be well, with their family conflict. The main flaw of the Romeo and Juliet is that they are both blinded with love, making them stubborn and immature. The series of events were influen ced by the flaw of the two characters, making them ending up in tragedy. Not only could that tragic flaw be observed in classic stories, but also in modern literature.An example of modern literature would be, Looking for Alaska by John Green. The story is about the life of Miles Halter after he moved to the Culver Creek School. He then narrates of the experience of being with his friends, telling the tragic ending of Alaska Young. Alaska Young was no ordinary school girl, she is the girl who pulls out pranks on everyone and which does all the bad things she is able to do. Once while the group of friends were off smoking, Alaska has stated that,† You guys smoke because it’s fun, but I smoke to die. † This introduces the first flaw of the character.She does not love or care about herself, therefore she will make choices which are bad for herself. Later on, it was then told that Alaska Young has a sad past. In her childhood, she has experienced the death of her mothe r, and which she was blamed by her father of killing her mother. That has created a scar in Alaska, and which she kept on blaming herself on everything that went wrong and that she was failing everyone. She was then found, dead in a car crash attempting to suicide; blaming herself on forgetting her mother’s anniversary.These were the tragic flaw of the character and which it all started by being mistreated in her childhood. The flaw has taken over the character and influenced her daily act. By not being conscious about what is the best choice for the people around and themselves, they would end up with a problem. By not solving the problem properly, other problem will appear. This will continue, until it has reached its worst such as death or the right decision is made. In conclusion, tragedy always ends up with the downfall of the character, which is caused by their tragic flaw.It could be seen through the examples of Romeo and Juliet, and the downfall of Alaska, in Looking for Alaska, that it all started from people around them. Families and friends are most influential on what they will grow up to be like. It is where their future and their fate are decided. By being mistreated or taught to behave badly towards others, it can cause a flaw. The flaw will be hidden in the person, until the time when the person is at a traumatic or panicking state.Each person has a different flaw, and which they may result on developing more than one flaw. As explained, these flaws will influence each person to make a wrong choice. As once stated by Mahatma Ghandi, â€Å"Nobody can hurt me without my permission. † Referring that no one can hurt you, unless you hurt yourself. The quote supports the flaw of the character that it is their own fault that lead to their downfall. In order to reduce the risks of the impact of the flaw of each person, it is important that they are conscious about the decision they are making.This could make the person to be able to think and choose the better choice for themselves and the people around them. Works Cited Green, John. Looking for Alaska: A Novel. New York: Dutton Children's, 2005. Print. â€Å"Quotes About Hurt. † (337 Quotes). N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Mar. 2013. ;http://www. goodreads. com/quotes/tag/hurt;. â€Å"Romeo and Juliet's Tragic Flaws. † Romeo and Juliet S Tragic Flaws. N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Mar. 2013. ;

Far From the Maddening Crowd Essay

Bathsheba Everdene is the main character in the book â€Å"Far From The Madding Crowd. † She is central to nearly every situation and is held in high regard by the village people. She has her ups and downs in the book, her highs and her lows, finding love and happiness, only for it to be torn away from her and handed back to her in the not too distant future! Bathsheba begins the book in a cold hearted way, first refusing to marry Gabriel Oak and then playing with the feelings of farmer Boldwood, this coming back to haunt her further in the book. She reluctantly sent Boldwood a Valentines card aided by her maid Liddy’s persuasion, declaring her love for him, and seemingly to her surprise, poor Boldwood takes it very seriously resulting in a cat and mouse game of love. In chapter 24 at the fir plantation, Bathsheba was heading home when she bumped into a dark stranger and became tangled up in his boots. She tried to wriggle free but to no avail. After a lot of fiddling by the stranger, he freed Bathsheba and rose face to face. Bathsheba asked him â€Å"Who are you then, who can so well afford to despise opinion? † The stranger replied â€Å"No stranger. Sergeant Troy†. Bathsheba was evidently spooked by Troy; little knowing he’d be her future husband. Bathsheba met up with Troy on several occasions and subsequently fell in love with him. They agreed to marry whilst on a visit to Bath and returned to Casterbrige to Boldwood’s and Oak’s despair as Mr. and Mrs. Troy. When Boldwood discovered the news, he was erratic in his actions. He offered to buy Bathsheba from Troy and eventually after torment from Troy, he murdered him in front of the whole of the village at a Christmas party. He then proceeded to kill himself with the same gun and in the same spot where Troy died. Bathsheba was deeply upset about the death of her husband despite the fact he declared he did not return her feelings after the death of his previous fianci , Fanny Robbin. Eventually our widow married Farmer Oak whom she clearly was in love with from the first time they met. Bathsheba’s toying with Oak, Troy and especially Boldwood could be seen as a reason for her not to find happiness in the book, but despite her unkind joke with Boldwood, Bathsheba didn’t set out to hurt anyone and was caught up in a battle for her love between these men. After the death of Fanny Robbin, it was evident that Troy was still in love with this woman, despite her failing to show for their wedding. He blamed all his misfortune on his wife, Bathsheba and he bullied her into feeling that she was to blame. The death of Troy was a blessing in disguise as she would have been sad for all her days and would not have ended up married to Oak. All in all, I feel that Bathsheba deserved to be happy, as she was an honest, hard working woman who was independent and capable. I think she was genuinely sorry for the Valentines card to Boldwood. She finally does find happiness in Oak and realises his companionship and true love is what she has wanted all her life. I think Gabriel Oak certainly was the right man for her as, like his name suggests, he was angelic, solid and dependable. This was evident when he stays by her, and by his actions on the night of the storm when he and Bathsheba worked together to cover the crops. It is evident they are in love when they cast eyes upon each other and fail to remove them for a few seconds, showing mutual unspoken understanding and purpose.

Bill Recommendation Essay Example for Free

Bill Recommendation Essay Is it a good idea for those individuals convicted of armed robbery to receive double the sentence that it is now? In my opinion the answer is no. Policy making in the field of criminal justice is extremely vital to society. Punishments can be very confusing in the fact of what is appropriate. What is too much and what is too little? There have been many studies that show that there is little or no deterrent of crime such as armed robbery when the punishment is a long sentence to prison. The reason for this lack of deterrent is because the person who is committing the crime or crimes knows what is at stake, yet he or she chooses to commit the robbery anyway. This is because the gains of that robbery outweigh the prison sentence. The main purpose of this bill is to stop or at least lessen the amount of armed robbery that is being committed by putting those who commit the crime behind bars for a longer period of time. This seems like a good idea at first glance. However there is more to this proposition. Lengthening the prison sentence is being used as a deterrent or to simply take the bad guys off the street for longer. This has not worked in the past and will not work now. Facing a long sentence has not deterred robbery from happening. If prison sentencing was enough robbery would not be around in society especially not as frequent as it is today. According to a study done by the FBI in 2006 447,403 robberies were reported to the police, which equals out to a rate of one robbery per minute in the United States (McGoey, 2014). The punishment for robbery can be up to 25 years in the United States. Doubling that and making the sentence 50 years will hardly make any change in the robbery rate. If anything it would just cause the jails and prisons to  become overpopulated quicker, costing taxpayers more money. There are more effective ways to address a crime than make the punishments more intense or longer. The classic school of criminology is what I base my recommendation on. In the late 1700’s, which are the time that the classical school came about, the punishment for crimes was extremely cruel and would be seen today as barbaric. Cesare de Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham played a tremendous role in the theory of criminology and criminal justice today would not be where it is without them. Their main focus was to lessen the harsh punishments implemented by the judicial system at the time (Schmalleger, 2012). Cesare de Baccaria believed that preventing crimes would benefit a society more than punishing someone who committed a crime. This belief was the driving force of the classic school of criminology. He believed the punishment should fit the crime for instance theft should be punished through the use of fines and crimes that cause personal injury to be punished by corporal punishment. This would, in turn he believed, prevent these crimes from happening. Jeremy Bentham viewed crime a little differently than Beccaria. Bentham was viewed as a utilitarian. He believed that the punishment for any crime must be that of the greater good for the community. Basically stating that any pain being used as a punishment towards an offender must be justified to benefit the good of the society. Modern criminal justice still holds its foundation in that of the classic school of criminology. Having said that, long prison sentences do act as a major deterrent for many criminals, but poses a major conflict of ideas to that of the classic school of thought due to the fact that crimes are committed based on free will and rational thinking. many factors such as emotional instability in s sudden moment, and mental and physical disorders that a longer prison sentence simply would not abolish. There is also the very likely chance that drugs and or alcohol is involved.  If the offender is being driven by an addiction nothing, surely not a longer prison sentence is going to persuade his or her decision (Schmalleger, 2012) With all of that being said, the answer to decreasing crime, more specifically armed robbery, a longer prison sentence is not the answer. The question at hand is: what is the answer? This is a question that is going to be debated as long as crime is resent in the population. Juvenile criminals usually mature into adult criminals, so perhaps putting more criminal emphasis on juvenile crime must be done. In addition to everything, it is well known that drugs are the foundation of many crimes. Drugs are responsible for many thefts and robberies, and more time behind bars is not going to make a drug addict think twice before robbing someone. More emphasis needs to be put on the war on drugs and alcohol addiction. Put the taxpayers money to good use by stopping the spread of drugs, not on paying for more people inside if jails. Lets stop the robberies from happening. McGoey, C.E. (2014). Robbery Facts: Violent Crime Against Persons.

Reviewing Progress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reviewing Progress - Essay Example Listening has more to do with the mind that the ear. These changes were necessary to make because if a person does not readily listen to his peers, subordinates, higher ups etc. he will never benefit from what they are trying to say to him. A person should always listen more than he speaks. These changes have made me a successful learner because they enable to keep other's point of view before what I think and then evaluate them in a sensible and unbiased manner. It is important to listen in this world of business because if you do not listen and keep on talking, you will give away more information about yourself and your company than you intend to and others who are clever enough to keep quiet and listen to you will catch the hints from what you are saying and find an advantage from what they have heard from you. Moreover, listening in the workplace is so important if you want to learn better and be a good employee. All the time, your boss, your subordinates and your customers will be trying to tell you something. If the listening skills are developed well, it would get easy for you to accommodate everyone and solve their problems, answer their queries. Being a good listener opens ways for you to hit bright ideas for your company, the project you are working on etc. 3 Identify the transferable skills which you have as you have studied B200 and suggest how they will be of use in future study or other aspects of your work. The listening skills that I have developed in this course will be very useful to me in my future study as well as other aspects of my work because this has helped develop an important aspect of my personality and I can rely on it to help me grow more in my educational career as well as my professional career. The listening skill, once developed, helps a person throughout his life because a bad listener always fails to take the utmost advantage of every opportunity that comes his way. In future study, the listening skill will be very helpful to help me listen to my teachers in other courses and understand what they are trying to educate me about. I will not just hear them; rather I will listen to them. Moreover, in other aspects of my work, it will help me communicate better with my peers. PART B 1 Describe one activity you undertook during which you practiced your discussion skills The activity that helped me practice my discussion skills is that of negotiation. There was a negotiation activity that I took part in and in which I had to negotiate with a second party about this problem that we were both facing regarding contract terms etc. in the activity, I played the Head of the union of workers that existed in the company whereas the other party was the top management of the company. The top management was not ready to raise the wages of the workers of the union and I, being the Head, had gone to talk to them and negotiate the matter in a way through which desirable results can be brought out in favor of both the parties. In this activity, first both parties were given a time of five minutes to practice

Benefits of Online Education (See Instruction) Research Paper

Benefits of Online Education (See Instruction) - Research Paper Example Online education provides a myriad of benefits for people, as well organizations because it allows for, among others, flexibility. This means that regardless of people’s physical locations, they can attain the same level of education by taking similar online courses. Teachers and professors optimize the focus and timelessness of the learning curriculum while students are able to fit learning time into their busy schedules (Bullen, 2007). The purpose of this paper is to examine the benefits provided by online education. Online education offers immense benefits to students by providing a flexible schedule, student enrichment and expanded education access and choice. Perhaps one of the most notable benefits of online education is the provision of a flexible learning schedule. The fact that more and more professionals are going back to school to further their studies is an indication of the effectiveness of online education. The number of hours left after a typical day at work is relatively insufficient to allow people to attend class the traditional way. Therefore, online education provides for flexible class schedules, which meet the needs of working students, parents and adults. For working students and parents, online education allows for course work, as well as instructions, to be customized to their specific fields and subject areas (Kumar, 2010). For instance, marketing professionals only take courses related to their vocational fields rather than an assortment of courses. This facilitates the enrichment of their work practices, resulting in benefits such as promotions. Moreover, online courses do not have fixed time schedules for lectures so working students can go about their other duties without the fear of missing lessons. The only deadlines students have are when to hand in their assignments and tests. Otherwise working students can decide when, as well as where to study and complete their regular class work. In addition, online education allows for adjustable time schedules instead of forcing students to adjust their lives to predetermined times. Traditional classroom education involves requirements of fixed location and time. After location, the greatest impediment on learning is time for both students and instructors who must be available in line with the face-to-face traditional system of education. Therefore, by removing the restriction of predetermined time, students are allowed to take part in education at a time that suits their schedules. Additionally, since there is no commuting or traveling involved with getting to the class, students can access online courses at whichever time they have free time on their hands, for instance, during public holidays and weekends when most schools do not have classes. Furthermore, online education established more educational means than traditional education (Kumar, 2010). There is a wide array of means through which education is imparted in online education, which include technol ogy gadgets such as computers, iPads and smart phones. Access to resources is typically through online methods, and the resources are mostly online sources such as online books and journals. Another major benefit of online education is the guarantee of student enrichment. Online education effectively enhances student outcomes. Student outcomes serve as a measure of the quality of education. Therefore, the enhancement of student outcomes speaks to the quality of online education. Student enrichment occurs because online education

LOVE - A Visit to the Museum Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

LOVE - A Visit to the Museum - Assignment Example Some of the websites navigated include but not limited to: Smithsonian American Art Museum, National Gallery of Art, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Montreal Museum of Fine Arts and Museum of Modern Art among others. From almost all the museums that I explored, child-friendly and resources was vastly covered. In some family programs for both parents and children was combined and they learn and get entertained together. Parents, caregivers and children are offered engaging gallery tours. Variety of artworks, including paintings, sculptures, snapshots, folk arts are available for both family and children (Schwarz, 1996). Children also find it interesting as they get an access to coloring books, numerous kid activities and games and also some music. Some of the activities are accessed through the gallery tours while others are accessible online while still in the museum. All the museums have research centers and programs which most favors teachers. The centers provide adequate information, variety of resources and training opportunities to the educators/teachers. Experts in various fields are hired to help in fortifying education both domestically and globally (Schwarz, 1996). Laboratories for creating models and inventive informal education are also available. Moreover, teachers also get an opportunity to have objective overview of various things; they also get questions for various subjects. Teachers also get ideas of how they can link art and curriculum in multiple subjects and topics. Museum sites also offer numerous resources, including the lesson plans that look at the way art can manipulate various magnitudes of religious experience. This is one of the ways that teachers can use in enhancing children’s art inside the classroom (Schwarz, 1996). I found it very easy in navigating the site, there is a sequential order on the activities is covered, both in writing and on exhibition. One does not require to be

Personal achievement or talent essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal achievement or talent - Essay Example The most important effect of these values is good leadership, the core foundation of scouting, which has given me the knowledge and ability to lead my peers. Leadership is not just about telling people what to do, but about guiding teammates with positive attitudes, regardless of whether the situation is a sporting game or everyday life. I have already applied these leadership skills within my high school baseball teams and when working summer jobs. The importance of leadership and teamwork were impressed on my from the beginning of my scouting days. Through hard work and dedication to my troop, I became one of the youngest Patrol leaders at age thirteen. This position came with many responsibilities. I experienced having to provide meals for an entire patrol and their dads at the monthly campouts. The tricky part about cooking in the wilderness is you do not have the same equipment you may find in a kitchen. Additionally, no processed meals are allowed at the campouts; everything is made from scratch. The entire meal is a process, from finding firewood to preparing the uncooked food. In other words, cooking is a group endeavor. As patrol leader, I assigned younger and older scouts to do the various tasks, and ensured everyone worked together. I had to learn quickly how to lead, or my patrol would have failed and broken down. In 2009, I became an Assistant Scoutmaster, the last position a Scout must hold before he can transition from a Life Scout to an Eagle Scout. In this position, my leadership duties grew. Instead of just one small patrol, I was put in charge of approximately two hundred people at a summer camp. I had to oversee various activities, not just cooking, and make sure everybody got along. One of the other great things Scouts taught me is the necessity and beauty of diversity. In this large number of people, there were boys of many different races and with many different religions. Learning how

Aircraft engineering essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Aircraft engineering - Essay Example 129-132). With these definitions, the paper shall look at the differences that exist between a degree program and a training course while examining the professional development that is needed for one to prepare him or herself for a degree program.. Hence, this is a vital topic that shall help explain and clear out the thoughts in a way or the other where possible. A great feature of degree programs is their generality. They tend to teach the student a collection of knowledge that is diverse in the concept it avails. Thus, it is up to the student to determine the place he or she will obtain the degree program. A degree program needs a student who has passed in all of his or her previous modes of study. Thus, there is a procedure that is followed, which requires him or her to show that what he or she has achieved academically is true. Thus, degree programs include courses in education that avail a large array of certain subjects. The person has to make a decision for wanting to pursue a certain degree program. Training courses tend to be specific in terms of what they cover unlike degree programs that are general. The specificity of training programs make them unique to a certain group of people. By being particular, training courses differ from degree programs as their coverage is minimised. However, it depends on training that is being offered, unlike in degree programs where training is availed for multiple things that will help an individual to be an all-round person who is knowledgeable and ready for so many differing aspects in life. The specificity of training courses is determined by the aim, the role, and the problem to be solved. This is not the same for degree programs because it is stipulated that people follow a specific curriculum and complete a certain number of subjects as required in the degree program. Due to the differences in the specificity and generalization of the training courses and degree programs, the number of

How Thomas Church and Andrew Jackson Downing were from two different Essay

How Thomas Church and Andrew Jackson Downing were from two different eras but both were influential in establishing the pattern - Essay Example Both men shared the opinion that gardens should be for everyone; indeed, the title of Thomas Church’s book, Gardens are for People, seems to say everything about his philosophy on gardens, believing that they are for people to enjoy, not just look at (Tilston). Downing, as well, thought that gardens should be accessible to all, not just the well-to-do members of society, and lobbied hard with politicians to create a space of greenery in New York City, accessible to all (R.). Though working in different time frames and with different areas of the country, both Downing and Church have had a lasting influence on gardens seen by those living in the present-day era, mainly due to their willingness to go against what was considered â€Å"conventional† at the time during their work, but also because they believed that gardens, plants, and greenery should be accessible to all, not just the wealthy. Andrew Jackson Downing was born on October 15, 1831, in Newburg, New York. He fi nished his schooling at the age of 16, and came by his love of landscaping and gardening honestly, as his father ran a nursery in which he worked after finishing school (â€Å"Living Places†). ... udson River, those with money to spend immediately bough trade gardening books from merchant-class England, where they were popular (â€Å"Gardenvisit.com†). Gardens of the working class, or â€Å"those raised between the plow handles† (â€Å"Smithsonian Gardens†) were limited to functionality. They were not interested in growing a beautiful plant or flower to look at, but how many vegetables could be grown to feed the usually ever-growing family. Downing had an undeniable and lasting effect on American landscape and gardening with the publishing of his first book, A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America, published in 1841. The book, the first of its kind to be published in North America, brought immediate fame and recognition as people realized, perhaps for the first time, that they did not have to have large gardens filled with exotic plants; their style could be more of a simple taste. People also realized, as pro moted through Downing, that they could use the natural beauty of their surroundings and plants that were native to North America to define their style (â€Å"Smithsonian Gardens†). Though Downing was a follower of the English style of gardens, as well as the Greek Revival style of homes, he carefully tailored his book to the needs of North Americans, recognizing several key points (â€Å"Smithsonian Gardens†). First and foremost, Downing recognized that the soils of North America were different from that of Europe, and therefore would need plants and flora that grew and prospered in North America, not imports from Europe, along with the belief that Americans were not aristocratic like most of Europe, and therefore should celebrate their republicanism, hence his designs for middle and lower class cottages and gardens

Comparing and contrast efficiency of on job training and e-learning in Research Proposal

Comparing and contrast efficiency of on job training and e-learning in the petrochemical plants - Research Proposal Example The research study will identify how valuable training is for employees at the petrochemical plants and for employees working at the petrochemical industry. Training techniques will also be analyzed and compared, and the effectiveness of these training methods will be discussed. Petrochemical industry is an important industry for the economy and employees working in the industry need to be efficient and trained (Harris, 2012). This research study will be helpful for the employees, managers, researchers, economists and other concerned person as it will help in improving the efficiency and effectiveness of employees as well as in enhancing safety measures at the workplace particularly of the organizations in the petrochemical industry. The research study will include different sub-topics as well. For instance, the research will also analyze different training methods that are helpful in the industry. The research will analyze how on-job training and e-learning method can be effective. The research will also suggest and recommend different strategies to further enhance the existing system and training methods used. Training is used to develop the skills and capabilities of the employees. Training is helpful in managing the workforce and their productivity. Training is also helpful in making sure that the employees are safe from any kind of chemicals used or present at the plant (Cogent, n.d.). training helps in enhancing the productivity level of the employees. It is considered as an investment and the returns of this investment are reported in the form of higher productivity, enhancement of skills of employees, ability to better manage the tasks and several other benefits (Bartel, 2000). Training is an important aspect of motivating the human resource. Human resource is considered as the main asset that gives the organization competitive advantage. Thus,

Symbolic Significance in Chinese Culture and My Life Essay Example for Free

Symbolic Significance in Chinese Culture and My Life Essay We need to see the history of dumplings to find out the answer. Back to hundred years ago, dumplings are more like delicacy rather than a nice food to appease people’s hunger. When China was an economically backward country, people always eat cheap roughage such as corn, millet or rice as main meal. Smith describes rice is â€Å"a basic component of routine domestic and ritual activity. † (Smith, 2006) Dumplings were not the same thing. They were only appeared in Spring Festival as a decent food to highlight the day. Therefore, food like dumplings was also represented a happy and wealthy life that people wanted and pursued. Because of this reason, dumplings could have an outstanding impact in people’s everyday life. Although in nowadays dumplings is not a luxury food any more, people are still enjoy having dumplings whenever traditional festivals. The thousand years custom have formed to a culture appearance, carry down from generation to generation. No doubt, dumplings bring Chinese people infinite hope and happy, from past till now and possibly in the future. Dumplings gradually transferred from a general food to an influential mascot. This is because the dumplings are provided a satisfaction for people’s psychological need. In another words, Chinese people gave the auspicious meaning to dumplings in the process that people tried to create a health and good life. In the variable kinds of Chinese traditional food, dumplings are not the most â€Å"coroneted† one, but people only chose dumplings as a mascot. According to Lee, â€Å"a group’s customs and rules about appropriate social behavior can reflect important cultural values. (Lee, 2009) Except dumplings are very delicious, I think its unique looking is more correspond with Chinese national characteristics. Dumplings are a classic farcie food, contrast with burgers or pizzas, which all the material is clear at a glance. No matter what the stuffing of a dumpling is, people cannot know just by looking at it. The hidden character of dumplings just corresponds with Chi nese diffidence personality. Therefore, the decision was made by Chinese people according to their own appreciation standards, which meet their psychological needs. There are many different customs about dumplings in different regions of China. My grandparents are living at a country side in the north of China. They have a custom that bride needs eat dumplings in the wedding day. When I was very little, the bride was carried by a sedan to bridegroom’s house on the wedding day. Before that day, the mother of the bride would prepare 40 dumplings and hide them under the sedan seat. When the bride arrived on the husband’s home, the relatives would boil the hided dumplings for the bridal and the groom. The entire process means the new couples will happy and together forever. Lenkeit says that â€Å"culture is constantly changing†¦It changes internally through innovations and inventions-new ideas and combinations of old ideas to create new things. † (Lenkeit, 2009) This point explains the change of this custom. Since woman do not use sedan any more, a new â€Å"rule† replaced the old custom applied in weddings. In recent years, the mother of the bride will make some really spicy dumplings and ask groom to eat. She uses the â€Å"terrible† dumplings to show that it is not easy to get her daughter. In addition to those customs of dumplings in my hometown, dumplings also have impacts in my recent life. This is the second year since I came to US. I spend Spring Festival with my friends last year. We made a great dinner and many dumplings together to celebrate the most important holiday of the year. Like the customer for Christmas that people usually buy gift for their family members, the heart of Spring Festival is making and eating dumplings. Carrier indicates that the gift creates problems â€Å"because the objects people confront in such societies overwhelmingly are impersonal commodities. And because these objects are impersonal, they do not make good gifts. † (Carrier, 1993) For this point, dumplings would never cause problems. Although people could easily buy dumplings from supermarket, making dumplings is also an important part in Spring Festival. The process of making dumpling is more complex than making other food, but the process allows people stay together and communicate. In conclusion, dumplings are indispensable in Chinese traditional activities.

Sample Turnaround Times for Three Histoprocessing Methods

Sample Turnaround Times for Three Histoprocessing Methods Introduction Turnaround time for any pathological laboratory is very important which depends upon the preparation and diagnosis of the histopathologic material. The rapidity advantages the clinician to treat acutely ill patients and influence the work practice of the pathologist. With the advent of modernization tissue processing is modified from the point of tissue removal to embedding for instant histopathological diagnosis by various techniques or methods. After the surgical removal, the tissue undergoes preparatory protocol for preparation of sections which usually involves impregnation with a suitable supporting medium. The stages of tissue processing include fixation, dehydration, clearing, impregnation and embedding for designated durations of time to ensure completion of the procedure. Culling 1974, Bancroft Gamble 2002 The reproducibility and relatively low expense attached to the most commonly employed method continues to recommend it as a valuable tool after nearly 100 years of existence. But with the demand of faster or early reporting, newer techniques like rapid manual and microwave processing are getting introduced. Each of them is unique with their own set of advantages and disadvantages. The conventional tissue processing is reliable and cost effective but time consumption, reagent toxicity and delay in providing diagnosis are the major disadvantages. The rapid manual tissue processing has major disadvantages like the use of noxious chemicals, greater degree of tissue distortion and shrinkage which led to exploration for new short processing schedules. The microwave tissue processing eliminates the use of noxious chemicals, causes lesser distortion of tissue and has shorter processing time but the cost involved in instrumentation is very high. (Panja et al. 2007) Microwaves were invented by Percy Spencer in 1945 which work on the principle of producing heat by oscillating or exciting polar molecules. The microwave irradiation forces dipolar molecules of proteins to rotate through 180Â ° at the rate of 2.45 billion cycles per second (Srinivasan, Sedmak Jewell 2002, Bancroft Gamble 2002). These excited molecules due to kinetics cause collision with adjacent molecules resulting in transfer of rotational energy. This friction causes production of heat within the material itself leading to accelerated diffusion of processing fluids hence faster processing is possible. The advantages associated with microwave processing led to the production of commercially available microwaves specifically designed for tissue processing, however, the cost involved in these is very high (Leong 2004, Rohr et al. 2001). Domestic microwaves are readily available, affordable and had been used for tissue processing with good results earlier by some authors. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare and analyse the efficacy of three histoprocessing methods and to determine the impact on turnaround times of tissue processing by these three methods. Materials and method In the present study, 60 specimens were selected randomly. The soft tissue specimen fixed in 10% NBF for 24h were included in the study and hard tissues like cartilage, bone and tooth were not included in the study. The gross features of the specimen were recorded and tissues were cut into three pieces of approximately same size to be processed by three methods. The sections obtained after processing were subsequently stained with HE by routine and microwave staining method. The stained slides in each group processed by three techniques were randomly numbered for a blind study and circulated among four observers referred as O1-O4. The observers graded each parameter on the format given in appendix D by following specific criteria as given in appendix C. Methodology Microwave tissue processing The microwave oven was calibrated as the microwave energy is non uniform within the chamber. Thus, hot and cold spots were detected in the chamber with the use of thermal paper sheet instead of the use of extra water load as suggested by various authors. The cold spot provided the most consistent results every time. The technique was self-standardized by trial and error method in the LG domestic Microwave (Model no. MS-285SD). The microwave was operated at the maximum output power of 40% (approximately 360 W) with rotating tray and ring removed. The cut piece from a fixed tissue sample was placed in a plastic tissue cassette and water washed in running tap water so that tissue was free of formalin. The tissue was irradiated in 200ml of 100% methanol and 200ml of 100% isopropyl alcohol for dehydration at cold spot for 2 cycles of 10 minutes each respectively in the microwave. After dehydration tissue was impregnated in 200ml of molten paraffin wax for 2 cycles at cold spot of 10 min each and was embedded in paraffin wax. Conventional Tissue Processing The cut piece from a fixed tissue sample was placed in a metal tissue cassette and water washed in running tap water so that tissue should be free of formalin. The tissue was dehydrated in 70% alcohol (one change), 90% alcohol (one change) and 100% alcohol three changes of 1 h each respectively. After dehydration tissue was cleared in two changes of xylene of 1 h each. Finally, tissue was impregnated in 2 changes of molten paraffin wax for 1 h each and was embedded. Rapid Manual Tissue Processing The cut piece from a fixed tissue sample was water washed in running tap water so that tissue should be free of formalin, after that tissue was wrapped in filter paper and dehydrated in 95% alcohol, 100% alcohol for 20 min on a stir plate. The dehydrated tissue was cleared in xylene for 20 min on a stir plate 20 min on a stir plate. Tissue was impregnated in 2 changes of molten paraffin wax of 1h each and was then embedded. The microwave processed tissue were stained as given in table no. ____. Conventional and rapid manual processed tissues were stained as given in table no.___________. Statistical Analysis The values obtained from different observers after assessment of sections processed by the three techniques were subjected to statistical analysis by Kruskal Wallis Test. One way ANOVA (Analysis of variance) was used for comparing mean shrinkage in tissues processed by the three histoprocessing methods. The P value Results All observers were assumed to be reliable as the Cronbach’s reliability test was statistically significant. Complete concordance was found amongst all pathologists in most of the cases. Hence, observer 1 was randomly selected for further analysis. The histopathological evaluation of the epithelium, fibrous tissues and glandular tissue revealed that the nuclear cytoplasmic contrast was good and cellular outline was distinct in tissues processed by microwave assisted technique followed by conventional processing and rapid manual processing techniques. The stroma was good with distinct cellular outline. The secretory products can be easily appreciated and the RBCs, inflammatory cells were intact. The results were statistically non-significant as observed by Kruskal Wallis test. The colour intensity of the tissues graded by four observers revealed that the microwave sections were crisper and there was a good contrast between the hematoxyphilic and eosinophillic areas. Though some slides were not visualised up to the mark, all the three histoprocessing methods were comparable to each other. One way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant value on comparison of the tissue shrinkage processed by the three techniques. The dimensions of the tissues were recorded before dehydration and paraffin embedding. The mean percentage of shrinkage in rapid manual technique was significantly higher as compared to the other two techniques whereas statistically non-significant value was obtained on comparing conventional and microwave method of tissue processing. Discussion Microwaves are electromagnetic waves(Microwave Processing Techniques for Microscopy) which causes oscillation and excitation of polar molecules which are usually dipolar molecules of proteins in tissues. The excited molecules cause collision with adjacent molecules due to kinetics producing friction and causes production of heat within the material itself. The heat produced enhances the rate of diffusion of fluids to permeate into the tissues. The rise in temperature decreases the viscosity of processing fluids that facilitates diffusion. Therefore it is theoretically possible to fasten the tissue fixation and processing. This has resulted in a substantial reduction in the basic steps of histoprocessing, thereby reducing turnaround time and providing same day diagnosis. The applications of microwaves are extensive which includes tissue fixation, stabilization of large specimens, tissue processing for light and electron microscopy, histochemical and immunohistochemical staining. Microwave tissue processing technique was introduced by Boon and Kok in 1985 (Leong 2004) but the potential application of microwave energy was first recognized by Mayers in 1970 who successfully fixed tissue with a microwave generator (Kok, Visser Boon 1988). Boon et al. (1986) reported that it was possible to produce significant acceleration of tissue processing by using microwave radiation. Visinoni et al. (1998) first described the tissue processor that completed the processing in 30-120 min, thus reducing the processing time from 24 h to just 1-2 h providing early reporting and easy patient management. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare the cytoplasmic and nuclear details as well as staining characteristics of tissue sections processed by conventional, rapid manual and microwave techniques. The noxious chemicals used in conventional tissue processing were replaced in microwave tissue processing. In the microwave processing in contrast to conventional tissue processing, isopropyl alcohol was replaced by methanol as dehydrating agent and xylene by isopropyl alcohol as intermediate agent. Molten paraffin wax remained the impregnating and embedding medium for both the techniques. The reagent selection was in consonance with Babu, Malathi and Mangesh (2011) who also used methanol, isopropyl alcohol and molten paraffin wax for microwave tissue processing. Microwave radiation produced when enter the chamber it is reflected by the chamber walls until these gets absorbed by the material placed inside the chamber (Wong 2011). However, the spreading is not even throughout the chamber leading to formation of hot and cold spot zones. (Kok, Boon Smid 1993, Thostenson Chow 1999, Rutgers 2013). Hence, hot cold spots should be detected to achieve consistent results. Various authors have described methods for detection of hot and cold spots. Microwave processing was self-standardized by trial and error method in which the hot and cold spots were detected by using a damp thermal paper Kok, Boon and Smid (1993). All the procedures in the microwave were carried out in the cold spot zones as suggested by Sharp and Paperiello (1971), Benard (1974), Rangell and Keller (2000) in their respective studies. Microwavable plastic tissue cassettes were used for microwave tissue processing which are cheap and reusable as metallic utensils are contraindicated in the microwave because the electric fields of the waves produced by microwave magnetron are completely reflected at the same frequency by metals which can lead to sparking. (Vollmer 2004). In the present study, the staining protocol for microwave was followed as given by Babu, Malathi and Mangesh (2011) which included the stains used to be accelerated in the microwave. Kayser and Bubenzer (1990) used domestic microwave oven for acceleration of the various stains which also included HE stain. Valle (1986), Moorlag, Boon and Kok (1987) and Mathai et al. (2008) modified various special stain protocols for microwave and concluded that microwave did not produce any deleterious effects on staining. In our study, the three pieces of tissue processed by three techniques sectioned by a soft tissue microtome and stained as per their respective protocols were evaluated. We adopted the criterion for evaluation of tissue sections given by Kango and Deshmukh (2011). The overall quality of the tissue sections processed by microwave and manual methods was comparable. The microwave processed sections had same or similar cytoplasmic and nuclear details with good erythrocyte integrity and lymphocytic appearance than the manual methods. Similar results are given by Mathai et al. (2008), Morales et al. (2002), Bhuvanamha et al. (2013), Panja et al. (2007), Boon et al. (1986), Kok et al. (1988). We also observed that the stroma in some cases was slightly more condensed focally in microwave processed tissue sections which is similar to the findings reported by Boon, Kok and Ouwerkerk-Noordam (1986) This lead to the erroneous categorization of these cases as indistinct in studies by Kango and Deshmukh (2011). Since our criterion was adopted from the above mentioned study we also placed focal condensation of stroma as indistinct. In contrast Kok, Visser and Boon (1988) refuted the importance of focal condensation of stroma in diagnostic pathology. The colour intensity of the tissues graded by four observers revealed that the microwave sections were crisper and there was a good contrast between the hematoxyphilic and eosinophillic areas. The microwave processed tissues showed an increased reaction to HE. The sections stained were slightly more eosinophilic as compared to the manual techniques. Similar findings are reported by Hopwood et al. (1984), Boon et al. (1986), Chaudhari, Chattopadhyay and Dutta (2000), Leong and Price (2004), Panja et al. (2007), Mathai et al. (2008), Babu, Malathi and Mangesh (2011). Hopwood et al. (1984) suggested that this eosinophilia could be easily corrected by altering the stain composition or staining time in eosin. In contrast Leong Price (2004) observed that eosinophilia of the cytoplasm was advantageous as it produced good nuclear cytoplasmic contrast and enhancement of the cellular features. The dysplastic features i.e. hyperchromatism, pleomorphism of tumor cells and mitotic figures were easily appreciable in the microwave processed tissue sections of malignancy. There was also an easy appreciation of the giant cells in the tissues of Central Giant cell Granuloma and tubercular lymphadenitis processed by microwave processing technique. Rapid processing of histopathologic material is becoming increasingly desirable for intraoperative consultations and timely diagnosis. We found positive impact on turnaround time in microwave method as the time taken for block preparation from fixed tissue was 1h as compared to conventional method (9h) and rapid manual method (3h). In some cases, proper diagnosis could not be reached as the size of the tissue was small and the sample was not representative of the site. Similar difficulties were also encountered by Suri et al. (2006), Kango and Deshmukh (2011) in their respective studies. As assessed in our study, the effects of the three methods of histoprocessing on cytoplasmic and nuclear details of epithelial, fibrous and glandular tissue showed no statistically significant variation. The microwave technique was comparable or slightly better than the manual methods. Conclusion The applications and versatility of microwave processing methods are unattainable with conventional procedures. The method reported herein reproducibly yields similar histologic quality to that provided by conventional processing. It has many advantages including feasibility, safety and elimination of noxious chemicals that might be used for improvement in the practice of the histopathology laboratory, permitting the preparation of diagnostic material within a day. Domestic microwaves are easily available and cost effective but have certain notable disadvantages like uneven heating and inability to record and maintain temperature within the chamber. Further exploration in the field is required for development of cost effective microwave histoprocessors for histopathology which provide similar histologic material for rapid diagnosis and reporting. References